Who inherits, and how much.

Where the father has died and the deceased left both a grandfather and brothers or sisters, Abu Hanifa treats the grandfather as standing in the father's place, so he excludes them completely. The other three schools follow Zayd ibn Thabit: the grandfather shares with them, taking whichever is best for him of an equal brother's portion, one sixth of the estate, or one third of what remains after the fixed shares. This is the largest single disagreement in the subject.

A woman leaves a husband, a mother, two or more half-siblings through her mother, and full brothers. The fixed shares use up the whole estate and the full brothers — nearer to her by both parents — receive nothing. Umar (ra) first ruled exactly that, then reversed himself and let the full brothers share the maternal siblings' third, reportedly on the argument 'suppose our father was a donkey'. Maliki and Shafi'i follow the reversal; Hanafi and Hanbali keep the first ruling.

Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i all exclude the paternal grandmother when the deceased's father survives, because she is related through him. Hanbali lets her take her sixth alongside him.

When the fixed shares do not fill the estate and there are no residuaries, the surplus returns to the fixed sharers in proportion — but the majority do not return any of it to a husband or wife, because the spouse's share is a fixed maximum. Classically the remainder went to the public treasury. Uthman (ra) returned it to the spouse, and much modern practice follows him for the simple reason that there is no treasury to receive it.

Hanafi and Hanbali let relatives through a female link inherit when nobody nearer survives. Classical Maliki and Shafi'i do not, and send the estate to the public treasury — though modern practice in both schools commonly admits them for the same reason as above.

No, and deliberately so. It shows how the Islamic rules divide an estate, which is a teaching exercise. A will is a legal instrument — it has to satisfy the law where your assets are, and in much of Europe that law overrides a Sharia distribution outright. Take the result of this page to a solicitor; do not take it as a document.

Because the two shares carry different obligations. A man is financially responsible for his wife, his children and often his parents and sisters; what he inherits is already committed. A woman's share is hers absolutely — her maintenance is somebody else's duty, and her own wealth, including her mahr, is not touched by it. In several configurations a woman inherits more than a man in the same family. This page shows the working so you can see which.

The Qur'an fixes the fractions in Surah An-Nisa — a half, a quarter, an eighth, two thirds, a third, a sixth. It does not set out what happens when those fractions add to more than the estate, or less, or who is blocked by whom. Those mechanics come from the Sunnah, the rulings of the Companions and considered reasoning, and that is where the schools part company. This tool shows all four rather than picking one for you.

Yes — that is what a bequest, a wasiyyah, is for, and it is capped at one third of the estate after debts. It cannot go to someone who already inherits: 'no bequest to an heir'. It is the route for a non-Muslim parent, an adopted child, a friend or a charity, and this page caps it for you automatically.

Funeral costs first, then all debts in full — including debts to Allah such as unpaid zakat or an unperformed obligatory Hajj — then any bequest up to a third of what is left. Only what remains after all of that is divided. Most calculators skip this entirely and start from the gross estate, which overstates every share.